Page last updated: April 2025
The information on this webpage was adapted from Understanding Bowel Cancer - A guide for people with cancer, their families and friends (2025 edition). This webpage was last updated in April 2025.
Expert content reviewers:
This information was developed based on Australian and international clinical practice guidelines, and with the help of a range of health professionals and people affected by bowel cancer:
- Prof Alexander Heriot, Colorectal Surgeon and Director Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Director, Lower GI Tumour Stream, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, VIC
- Dr Cameron Bell, Gastroenterologist, Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW
- Graham Borgas, Consumer
- Prof Michael Bourke, Director of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW
- Laura Carman, 13 11 20 Consultant, Cancer Council Victoria, VIC
- Amanda Connolly, Specialist Bowel Care Nurse, Icon Cancer Centre Windsor Gardens, SA
- A/Prof Melissa Eastgate, Operations Director, Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, QLD
- Anne Marie Lyons, Stomal Therapy Nurse, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and NSW Stoma Ltd, NSW
- Lisa Nicholson, Manager Bowel Care Services, Bowel Cancer Australia, NSW
- Stefanie Simnadis, Clinical Dietitian, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, WA
- Rafi Sharif, Consumer
- Dr Kirsten van Gysen, Radiation Oncologist, The Nepean Cancer and Wellness Centre, NSW
- Sarah Williams, Clinical Nurse Consultant, Lower GI, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, VIC
A stoma is a surgically created opening in the abdomen that allows waste (faeces, stools or poo) to leave the body.
There are two main types of stoma (colostomy and ileostomy). Stomas may be temporary (usually formed from a loop of the bowel) or permanent (formed from the end of the bowel).
If you may need a stoma because of surgery, you will usually see a stomal therapy nurse beforehand.
They will mark on your abdomen where the stoma will be placed, taking into account skin folds, you being able to see the stoma, and any prominent bones or old scars.
Your guide to best cancer care
A lot can happen in a hurry when you’re diagnosed with cancer.
The guide to best cancer care for bowel cancer can help you make sense of what should happen. It will help you with what questions to ask your health professionals to make sure you receive the best care at every step.
Read the guide
Types of stoma
Temporary stoma
Needed only until the newly joined bowel heals. A loop of the bowel is brought out through a cut in the abdomen. The bowel is then cut and stitched to the skin to create an opening. This may also be done with the end of the bowel.
You will have another operation, usually after 3–12 months, to close the stoma and rejoin the bowel. This is called a stoma reversal. Some people may have a stoma for longer, as you usually wait until all treatment is complete before closing the stoma.
Permanent stoma
About 1 in 10 people with rectal cancer need a permanent stoma when the tumour involves the anal sphincter muscles or they aren’t strong enough to control the bowel. Permanent stomas are less common with colon cancer.
Appearance
Like the inside of the mouth, a stoma is soft, moist, and red or pink. It may be level with the surrounding skin, slightly raised or in a dip (recessed).
The stoma doesn’t have any feeling, but the skin around it does. Stomas vary in size and can change shape after surgery.
Bowel stomas
How the stoma works
When the bowel moves, wind and waste matter come out through the stoma. You can’t control when this happens, so a small bag on the outside of the body collects the waste matter. This is called a stoma bag or an appliance.
Stoma bags have adhesive (glue) on the back so they stick securely to the skin and are leakproof and don’t smell.
A filter lets out wind (but not the smell), to stop it inflating the bag. If your bag fills with air, talk to your stomal therapy nurse for ways to prevent this.
If you have a colostomy in your descending colon, you may be able to wash out the colon with water (colostomy irrigation) to remove waste, then wear a small cover rather than a stoma bag. Ask your doctor or stomal therapy nurse about this option.
Attaching the bag
When you’re in hospital, a stomal therapy nurse will teach you how to change your bag, help you choose a bag that suits your body shape and explain how to attach it securely.
Emptying the bag
Stoma bags can be drainable (able to be emptied) or closed (thrown out after each bowel movement).
After a colostomy, you may be able to wear a drainable or closed bag, depending on how thick or watery your waste matter is. After an ileostomy, you wear a drainable bag.
How often you need to empty or change a stoma bag is affected by what you eat and drink.
- Closed bags may need changing 1–3 times a day. They should be put in a rubbish bin, not flushed down the toilet.
- Drainable bags have to be emptied in the toilet when they are about one-third full, and replaced every 1–3 days. A colostomy bag may need emptying 1–3 times a day. An ileostomy bag may need emptying 4–6 times a day, depending on what you eat and drink, because the waste is no thicker than a paste (more watery).
Support for people with a stoma
See a stomal therapy nurse
If there is a chance you could need a stoma, the surgeon will usually refer you to a stomal therapy nurse before surgery.
Stomal therapy nurses are registered nurses with special training in stoma care. They are available at most major hospitals, district nursing agencies and in private practice.
A stomal therapy nurse can talk to you about the best position for the stoma, answer questions about your surgery and recovery, and give you information about adjusting to life with a stoma.
To find a nurse, visit the Australian Association of Stomal Therapy Nurses.
Join a stoma association
The stomal therapy nurse will ask if you’d like to join a stoma (or ostomy) association. For a small yearly membership fee, you will be able to get free stoma appliances and products.
Some stoma associations provide assistance and information and coordinate support groups. Visit the Australian Council of Stoma Associations for more information.
Register for the Stoma Appliance Scheme
The Australian Government’s Stoma Appliance Scheme (SAS) provides free stoma supplies to people with a temporary or permanent stoma.
To apply for the SAS, you must hold a Medicare card and belong to a stoma association.
Find a support group
There are many support groups or forums on social media you can follow or join.
Explore services for managing stomas and incontinence on My Cancer Guide.
Living with a stoma
Having a stoma, even temporarily, is a big change and takes some getting used to. Thousands of Australians have a stoma and lead a mostly normal life.
The stoma may sometimes affect your lifestyle, but most issues can be managed, especially with some planning.
How a stoma bag might look
You may worry about the bag being seen under clothing. Although the bag may seem obvious to you, most people won’t notice the bag unless you tell them.
The stoma’s location may make some clothes less comfortable (e.g. tight waistbands, belts), but you will generally be able to keep wearing your normal clothes. You can also buy underwear that is designed for people with a stoma.
How a stoma might affect your sex life
You may worry that the stoma will affect your ability to have sex. Getting used to looking after the stoma will help you feel more confident.
Sex when you have a stoma may need a little planning, but can still be satisfying and fulfilling. However, it is dangerous to use the stoma hole in any sexual activity.
Learn more about sex, intimacy and cancer
Stoma prolapse
This is when some of the bowel comes out through the stoma opening. Sometimes the prolapse will slide back in by itself, but it may pop in and out.
Your stomal therapy nurse or surgeon can tell you how to look after the prolapsed stoma and adapt the stoma bag.
Eating with a stoma
You may need to change what you eat at first to help the stoma settle. Eating a diet of bland, soft, low-fibre food for the first 4–6 weeks will help – the stoma hole is swollen at first so the opening is narrower.
Foods that irritate the stoma vary from person to person.
Sometimes food can build up and cause a blockage, stopping solids, fluids and gas moving through. You may need to change what and how you eat (see below) to help avoid this.
A stoma blockage can be uncomfortable and cause a bloated feeling or nausea. If symptoms of a blockage last for two hours or you vomit, contact your nurse or hospital.
How much waste comes out depends on how, what and when you eat. Over time, most people find they can eat a normal healthy diet. If you have concerns, talk to a stomal therapist or ask to see a dietitian.
Bowel Cancer Australia has recipes for people recovering from surgery or with a stoma.
Ways to manage stoma blockages
- Eat regular meals.
- Avoid eating a large amount of food at one time.
- Try to maintain a balanced diet so your body gets the nutrients it needs.
- Drink 8–10 glasses of fluid a day to stay well hydrated.
- Cut food into small, bitesized pieces, and chew slowly and thoroughly.
- Limit high-fibre foods, raw vegetables, the skin on fruit and vegetable, nuts, seeds, kernels (e.g. corn, popcorn) and sausage skins. These foods are more likely to cause blockages.
- If you have trouble eating certain foods, talk to a dietitian about alternatives.
- You may find cooked foods easier to digest.
- Try new foods one at a time, in a small amount, and note any reaction. If it doesn’t irritate the stoma, try a larger amount next time.
- Massage your belly and the area around the stoma. Lie on your back, pull your knees up to your chest and roll from side to side. This may help move a blockage through the stoma.